Authorities had already tightened security, deploying more than 1,400 armed officers at hotels and beaches.
Tunisian President Beji Caid Essebsi said in a national address that "exceptional measures" were needed.
"In order to face up to this scourge we need to be prepared. We need to have enough troops, proper training and material means - we are in desperate need of material means," he said, appealing for international counter-terrorism support and co-operation.
The state of emergency will be in place for a renewable period of 30 days.
An official from the prime minister's office said several officials had been sacked in the wake of the attack, including the governor of Sousse.
"Just as there have been security failures, there have also been political failures," Dhafer Neji told AFP.
Security forces were criticised for not responding more quickly to the attack on 26 June in Sousse, when a gunman opened fire on tourists on a beach and in a hotel before being shot dead by police.
Those killed included 30 Britons.
The gunman has been identified as student Seifeddine Rezgui, who authorities say had trained in Libya.
Tunisian Prime Minister Habib Essid conceded in a BBC interview on Friday that the slow response of the police was a key problem.
He said Rezgui had probably trained with the Ansar al-Sharia group, though Islamic State (IS) earlier said it was behind the attack.
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